Tuscany-Florence

Tuscany, which got its name from the Etruscans, was a margraviate from the 9^th century and a part of the Holy Roman Empire. It disintegrated into several self-governing communes during the 12^th century. The most important commune was the city of Florence, which during the renaissance reunited Tuscany. Florence was throughout the middle age a republic but it was usually controlled by a few individuals, from 1434 the house of Medici. Alessandro dé Medici became duke of the republic of Florence 1531. When the republic of Siena was conquered 1557 all of Tuscany was united again and Cosimo I took the title duke of Tuscany. 1569 He was made grand duke by the Pope. The house of Medici was succeeded by future Emperor Franz Stephan when they the last Medici died 1737. Thereafter was Tuscany a secundogenitur within the house of Habsburg-Lorraine, i.e. it was ruled by a sideline of dynasty. The Habsburgs lost Tuscany during the Napoleonic Wars and it was transformed into the kingdom of Etruria, which 1807 was incorporated with France and governed by Napoleon’s sister Elisa as grand duchess of Tuscany. The Congress of Vienna returned Tuscany to the Habsburgs 1814, but they lost it again when Italy was united 1859-1861.

House of Medici
(dukes from 1531 and grand dukes from 1557)

1434-1464 1464-1469 1469-1478 1469-1492 1492-1494 1494-1512 1512-1521 1512-1513 1512-1519 1521-1524 1524-1527 1527-1530 1531-1537 1537-1574 1574-1587 1587-1609 1609-1621 1621-1670 1670-1723 1723-1737	Cosimo Piero I Giuliano I Lorenzo il Magnifico Piero II Republican government * Giovanni II ** Giuliano II Lorenzo II Giulio ** Ippolito Republican government Alessandro Cosimo I Francesco Ferdinando I Cosimo II Ferdinando II Cosimo III Gian Gastone
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
1737-1765 1765-1790 1790-1801	Francesco Stefano Pietro Leopoldo *** Ferdinando III ****
House of Bourbon
1801-1803 1803-1808	Ludovico I Ludovico II
House of Bonaparte
1808-1814	Elisa
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
1814-1824 1824-1849 1849 1849-1859 1859-1860	Ferdinando III (restored) Leopoldo II Republic Leopoldo II (restored) Ferdinando IV

Tuscany join the kingdom of Sardinia 1860

* = The real ruler 1494-1498 was Girolamo Savonarala, 1502-1512 it was Piero Soderini.
** = Giovanni II was as Leo X pope 1513-1521. Giulio was 1523-1534 pope as Clemens VII.
*** = Pietro Leopoldo succeeded his brother Joseph II as Holy Roman Emperor 1790.
**** = Ferdinando was grand duke of Salzburg 1803-1805 and of Würzburg 1806-1814.
= Germany